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Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds

<div id="frontmatter"> <div id="title_page_2"> <h1 id="main_title">MEMOIRS OF EXTRAORDINARY POPULAR DELUSIONS AND THE Madness of Crowds.</h1> By CHARLES MACKAY, <abbr title="doctor of laws">LL.D.</abbr> AUTHOR OF “EGERIA,” “THE SALAMANDRINE,” ETC. ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS. <div class="epigram" lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"> <div class="poem"> N’en déplaise à ces fous nommés sages de Grèce, En ce monde il n’est point de parfaite sagesse; Tous les hommes sont fous, et malgré tous leurs soîns Ne diffèrent entre eux que du plus ou du moins. BOILEAU. </div> </div> LONDON: OFFICE OF THE NATIONAL ILLUSTRATED LIBRARY, 227 STRAND. 1852. </div> </div> <div id="contents" class="section"> <h2 class="title">CONTENTS.</h2> <ul> <li class="volume_head">Volume <abbr title="one">I</abbr>. <ul> <li>Contents.</li> <li>List of Engravings.</li> <li>Preface.</li> <li>The Mississippi Scheme.</li> <li>The South-Sea Bubble.</li> <li>The Tulipomania.</li> <li>The Alchymists.</li> <li>Modern Prophecies.</li> <li>Fortune-Telling.</li> <li>The Magnetisers.</li> <li>Influence of Politics and Religion on the Hair and Beard.</li> </ul> </li> <li class="volume_head">Volume <abbr title="two">II</abbr>. <ul> <li>Contents.</li> <li>List of Engravings.</li> <li>The Crusades.</li> <li>The Witch Mania.</li> <li>The Slow Poisoners.</li> <li>Haunted Houses.</li> <li>Popular Follies of Great Cities.</li> <li>Popular Admiration of Great Thieves.</li> <li>Duels and Ordeals.</li> <li>Relics.</li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> <div id="index" class="section"> <h2 class="title">INDEX.</h2> <div id="indexKey"> A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z</div> <ul id="indexA" class="index_list"> <li>Abraham, Noah, and Moses said to have been alchymists, i. 95, 114.</li> <li>Acre besieged in the Third Crusade, ii. 69; <ul> <li>its surrender to the Christians, 71.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Addison’s account of a Rosicrucian, i. 177; <ul> <li>his opinion on duelling, ii. 281.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Agricola, George, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 145.</li> <li id="agrippa">Agrippa, Cornelius, memoir, and portrait of, i. 138; <ul> <li>his power of raising the dead and the absent, 142.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Aislabie, Mr., Chancellor of the Exchequer, his participation in the South-Sea fraud, i. 73, 78; <ul> <li>rejoicings on his committal to the Tower, 79.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Alain Delisle. (See Delisle.)</li> <li>Albertus Magnus, his studies in alchymy, i. 99; <ul> <li>portrait of, 100;</li> <li>his animated brazen statue destroyed by Thomas Aquinas, 100;</li> <li>his power to change the course of the seasons, 101.</li> </ul> </li> <li id="alchymists">Alchymists, the, or Searches for the Philosopher’s Stone and the Water of Life, i. 94-220; <ul> <li>natural origin of the study of Alchymy, its connexion with astrology, &c., i. 94;</li> <li>alleged antiquity of the study, 95;</li> <li>its early history, 96;</li> <li>Memoirs of Geber, 96;</li> <li>Alfarabi, 97;</li> <li>Avicenna, 98;</li> <li>Albertus Magnus, with portrait, Thomas Aquinas, 99;</li> <li>Artephius, 102;</li> <li>Alain Delisle, 102;</li> <li>Arnold de Villeneuve, with portrait, 103;</li> <li>receipt for the elixir vitæ ascribed to him, 103;</li> <li>Pietro d’Apone, 104;</li> <li>Raymond Lulli, with portrait, 105;</li> <li>Roger Bacon, 110;</li> <li>Pope John XXII., 111;</li> <li>Jean de Meung, 112;</li> <li>Nicholas Flamel, 113;</li> <li>George Ripley, 118;</li> <li>Basil Valentine, 119;</li> <li>Bernard of Treves, 119;</li> <li>Trithemius, 124;</li> <li>Maréchal de Rays, 125;</li> <li>Jacques Cœur, 132;</li> <li>inferior adepts of the 14th and 15th centuries, 135;</li> <li>progress of the infatuation in the 16th and 17th centuries, 137-189;</li> <li>Augurello, 137;</li> <li>Cornelius Agrippa, with portrait, 138;</li> <li>Paracelsus, with portrait, 142;</li> <li>George Agricola, 145;</li> <li>Denis Zachaire, 146;</li> <li>Dr. Dee, with portrait, and Edward Kelly, 152;</li> <li>Dr. Dee’s “Shewstone” (engraving), 154;</li> <li>the Cosmopolite, 163;</li> <li>the Rosicrucians, 167;</li> <li>Jacob Böhmen, 177;</li> <li>Mormius, 178;</li> <li>Borri, 179;</li> <li>inferior Alchymists of the 17th century, 185;</li> <li>their impositions, 188;</li> <li>Alchymy since that period, 189-220;</li> <li>Jean Delisle, 189;</li> <li>Albert Aluys, 197;</li> <li>the Count de St. Germain, 200;</li> <li>Cagliostro, 206;</li> <li>present state of Alchymy, 220.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Alexius I., Emperor, his treatment of the Crusaders, ii. 17-19; <ul> <li>imprisons the Count of Vermandois, 23;</li> <li>is compelled to release him, 24;</li> <li>his fear of the Crusaders, 25;</li> <li>his treachery at Nice, 28;</li> <li>neglects the Crusaders at Antioch, 35, 42.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Alexius III., usurping the Greek empire, is expelled by the Crusaders, ii. 77.</li> <li>Alexius IV. made Emperor of the Greeks by the aid of the Crusaders, ii. 77; <ul> <li>his deposition and murder, 78.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Alexius Ducas (Murzuphlis) chosen Emperor instead of Alexius IV., ii. 78; <ul> <li>defeated by the French and Venetians, 79.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Alfarabi, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 97.</li> <li>Almanac-makers: Lilly, Poor Robin, Partridge, Francis Moore, Matthew Laensbergh, i. 240.</li> <li>Aluys, Albert, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 97.</li> <li>American laws against duelling, ii. 299.</li> <li>Amsterdam, witches burnt at, ii. 160.</li> <li>Animal Magnetism. (See Magnetism.)</li> <li>Andrews, Henry, the original of “Francis Moore,” portrait, i. 244.</li> <li>Anna Comnena, her notices of the Crusaders, ii. 22, 25.</li> <li>Anne, Queen, duels in her reign, ii. 289; <ul> <li>her efforts to suppress them, 292.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Antioch, besieged by the Crusaders, ii. 29; <ul> <li>is taken by treachery, 32;</li> <li>sufferings of the Crusaders from famine and pestilence, 35;</li> <li>pretended discovery of the Holy Lance (engraving), 37;</li> <li>battle, and defeat of the Turks, 38;</li> <li>retaken by Saladin, 63.</li> </ul> </li> <li id="aquinas">Aquinas, Thomas, his studies in Alchymy, i. 99; <ul> <li>he destroys an animated brazen statue, 100;</li> <li>his magical performances, 101.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Arabia, the chief seat of the Alchymists, i. 96.</li> <li>Arnold de Villeneuve. (See De Villeneuve.)</li> <li>Arras, view of the Town-hall, ii. 101; <ul> <li>persecution of the Waldenses at, 115.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Art, works of, destroyed by the Crusaders at Constantinople, ii. 79.</li> <li>Artephius, his extravagant pretensions as an Alchymist, i. 102.</li> <li id="astrology">Astrology, its prevalence in England, i. 243; <ul> <li>account of Lilly’s prophecies, 244;</li> <li>its connexion with Alchymy.</li> <li>(See the Alchymists, Dr. Dee, &c.)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Augurello the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 137.</li> <li>Augury, an almost exploded study, i. 272.</li> <li>Aurea-crucians, a sect founded by Jacob Böhmen, i. 177.</li> <li>Avicenna the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 98.</li> </ul> <ul id="indexB" class="index_list"> <li>Bacon, Lord, portrait of, ii. 286; <ul> <li>his opposition to duelling, 285, 287.</li> </ul> </li> <li id="bacon">Bacon, Roger, his pursuit of Alchymy, i. 110; <ul> <li>his scientific discoveries, 111.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bagnone, Francisco, the magnetiser, i. 272.</li> <li>Bailly, M., his account of Mesmer’s experiments, i. 281, 293.</li> <li>Baldarroch Farm-house, “haunted,” ii. 235; <ul> <li>investigation by the elders of the kirk; the noises caused by servant-girls, 237.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Baldwin (King of Jerusalem), joins the Crusaders at Nice, ii. 27; <ul> <li>becomes prince of Edessa, 30, 41;</li> <li>succeeds Godfrey as King of Jerusalem, 48;</li> <li>bible of his queen (engraving), 50.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Baldwin, Count of Flanders, chosen Emperor of the Greeks, ii. 80.</li> <li>Ballads. (See Songs.)</li> <li>Bamberg, view in; witches executed there, ii. 162.</li> <li>Banditti in Italy, ii. 256.</li> <li>Banking schemes of John Law, i. 4.</li> <li>Bank of England, its competition with the South-Sea Company, i. 48, 66.</li> <li>Baptism mocked in the witches’ “Sabbaths,” ii. 109.</li> <li>Barbarin, Chevalier de, his experiments in animal magnetism, i. 286.</li> <li>Barbarossa, the Emperor, commences the Third Crusade; his death, ii. 63, 64.</li> <li id="barthelemy">Barthelemy, Peter, his pretended vision and discovery of the “holy lance;” its effect on the Crusaders; battle of Antioch, the Turks defeated, ii. 35-40; <ul> <li>charged with falsehood, subjected to the fiery ordeal, and burnt to death, 41.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bastille, the. (See Paris.)</li> <li>Bavaria, ordinance against moustaches, i. 302.</li> <li>Beards forbidden to be worn; religious and political prejudices, i. 296-303. <ul> <li>(See Hair.)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Beckmann’s remarks on the tulip, i. 86.</li> <li>“Beggar’s Opera,” its popularity and immoral influence, ii. 258.</li> <li>Beranger’s Song, “Thirteen at Table,” i. 257.</li> <li>Bernard of Treves, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 119.</li> <li>Best and Lord Camelford, their fatal duel, ii. 297.</li> <li>Bethlehem, Shrine of the Nativity (engraving), ii. 43; <ul> <li>Richard I. arrives there; view of the city, ii. 73.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bible of the Queen of Baldwin, King of Jerusalem, (engraving), ii. 50.</li> <li>“Blue Beard,” the Maréchal de Rays his supposed prototype, i. 132.</li> <li>Blunt, Sir John, Chairman of the South-Sea Bubble, his share in the fraud, i. 63, 74, 77; <ul> <li>his examination by Parliament, 75;</li> <li>his property confiscated, 81;</li> <li>Pope’s sketch of him, 74.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bodinus, his persecution of witches, ii. 159.</li> <li>Boerhave, his belief in Alchymy, i. 185.</li> <li>Bohemund, his courage displayed in the Crusades, ii. 21, 28, 30, 31, 35, 38, 39; <ul> <li>takes Antioch, by treachery in the garrison, 32;</li> <li>is made Prince of Antioch, 32, 41.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Böhmen, Jacob, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 177.</li> <li>Bonfires on Tower Hill, on the committal of the South-Sea schemers, i. 79.</li> <li>Booker, an astrologer, notice of, i. 244.</li> <li>Boots, torture of the (engraving), ii. 131.</li> <li>Borri, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 179.</li> <li>Bourdeaux, haunted house at, ii. 221.</li> <li>Bourges, house of Jaques Cœur (engraving), i. 134.</li> <li>Boyd, Captain, killed in a duel, ii. 293.</li> <li>“Brabant Screen,” the, a caricature of the South-Sea Bubble, i. 76.</li> <li>Breda, siege of, i. 270.</li> <li>Bremen, Nadel’s escape from prison, ii. 257.</li> <li>Brinvilliers, Madame de, her atrocious murders; escape from France; subsequent trial and execution, ii. 208-214; <ul> <li>relics of her fate anxiously sought after, 305.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Brown, Sir Thomas, portrait of; his belief in witchcraft, ii. 151.</li> <li>Bubble Companies, contemporaneously with the South-Sea Scheme, their extravagant character, i. 52; <ul> <li>profits of the promoters, 53;</li> <li>declared unlawful, 55, 86;</li> <li>companies dissolved, 57.</li> </ul> </li> <li>“Bubble Cards,” or Caricatures, i. 60, 61.</li> <li>Buckingham, Villiers, Duke of, his rise in the favour of James I., ii. 197; <ul> <li> portrait of, 198;</li> <li>suspected to have poisoned the king, 201.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Byron, Lord, his trial for the murder of Mr. Chaworth in a duel, ii. 292.</li> <li>Byron, Lord, his poetical villains, ii. 259.</li> </ul> <ul id="indexC" class="index_list"> <li id="cagliostro">Cagliostro, memoir of, i. 206; <ul> <li>his adventures in London, 209;</li> <li> view of his house, 215;</li> <li>implicated in the theft of the diamond necklace, tried and acquitted, 216-220;</li> <li>again in London, imprisonment and death at Rome, 220.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Cagliostro, the Countess, i. 208; <ul> <li>his accomplice; her wit, beauty, and ingenuity, 213-216.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Cambridge University, annual sermon against witchcraft, ii. 127.</li> <li>Camelford, Lord, killed in a duel, ii. 297.</li> <li>Camhel, Sultan, his generosity to the Christians, ii. 84, 85.</li> <li>Campbell, Major, his duel with Capt. Boyd, and execution, ii. 293.</li> <li>Candlemas Eve, superstitious customs, i. 258.</li> <li>Cant phrases. (See Popular follies.)</li> <li>Cards. (See Fortune-telling.)</li> <li>Caricatures, referring to the Mississippi Scheme (four engravings), i. 25, 29, 37, 40, 44.</li> <li>Caricatures of the South-Sea Bubble (seven engravings), i. 60, 61, 68, 70, 76, 82, 84.</li> <li>Casaubon, his account of Dr. Dee’s intercourse with spirits, i. 155.</li> <li>“Chambre Ardente,” instituted by Louis XIV. for the trial of poisoners, ii. 214, 283.</li> <li id="changealley">Change Alley during the South-Sea Bubble (engraving), i. 60.</li> <li>Charlemagne, his edicts against witches, ii. 109.</li> <li>Charles I. prevents a duel, ii. 287.</li> <li>Charles II., his disgraceful conduct in reference to a duel, ii. 288.</li> <li>Charles VI. of France, his studies in Alchymy, i. 117; <ul> <li>his work on that subject, 136.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Charles IX. of France, his patronage of Nostradamus, i. 246; <ul> <li> portrait of, ii. 119;</li> <li>his belief in witchcraft, 120.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Chaworth, Mr., killed by Lord Byron in a duel, ii. 292.</li> <li>Chemistry, its connexion with Alchymy; valuable discoveries of the Alchymists, i. 207, 221.</li> <li>Children in the Crusades; their personal bravery, ii. 45; <ul> <li>are sold to slavery, 81.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Children executed for witchcraft, ii. 163, 179, 181.</li> <li>Christina, Queen of Sweden, her patronage of Alchymy, i. 183, 185.</li> <li>Clermont, Urban II. preaches the Crusade there; cathedral of (engraving), ii. 9.</li> <li>Cock-Lane Ghost, history of the deception; views of the “haunted house,” ii. 228, 230.</li> <li>Cœur, Jaques, memoir of, i. 132; <ul> <li>his house at Bourges (engraving), 132.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Cohreddin, Sultan, his generosity to the Christians, ii. 84, 85.</li> <li>Coke, Chief Justice, portrait of, ii. 199; <ul> <li>the poisoners of Sir Thomas Overbury tried by him, 198.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Collins, Joseph, contriver of mysterious noises at Woodstock Palace, ii. 224.</li> <li id="comets">Comets regarded as omens, i. 223, 225; <ul> <li>actually dangerous, 228.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Conrad, Emperor of Germany, joins the Crusades, ii. 56; <ul> <li>reaches Jerusalem, 60;</li> <li>returns to Europe, 62.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Constance, view of the town gate, ii. 116; <ul> <li>witches executed there, 117, 160.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Constantinople during the Crusades, ii. 17, 23-26, 56, 77-80; <ul> <li> view of, 78.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Contumacy (refusing to plead to a criminal charge); its severe punishment, ii. 199.</li> <li id="cornhill">Cornhill at the time of the South-Sea Bubble (engraving), i. 51.</li> <li>Cosmopolite, the, an anonymous alchymist, memoir of, i. 163.</li> <li>Cowley’s poetical description of the tulip, i. 86; <ul> <li>his lines on relics of great men, ii. 308.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Craggs, Mr. Secretary, portrait of, i. 64; <ul> <li>his participation in the South-Sea Bubble, 64, 71, 73, 77, 78;</li> <li>his death, 80.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Craggs, Mr., father of the above, his participation in the fraud; his death, i. 80.</li> <li>Criminals, anxiety to possess relics of their crimes, ii. 306. <ul> <li>(See Thieves.)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Cromwell, Sir Samuel, his persecution of “The Witches of Warbois,” ii. 126.</li> <li>Cross, trial or ordeal of the, ii. 264.</li> <li>Cross, the true. (See Relics.)</li> <li id="crusades">Crusades, The, ii. 1-100; <ul> <li>differently represented in history and in romance; pilgrimages before the Crusades, ii. 2;</li> <li>encouraged by Haron al Reschid; pilgrims taxed by the Fatemite caliphs; increase of pilgrimages in anticipation of the millenium, 3;</li> <li>oppressions of the Turks; consequent indignation of the pilgrims, 4;</li> <li>Peter the Hermit espouses their cause; state of the public mind in Europe, 5;</li> <li>motives leading to the Crusades, 6;</li> <li>Peter the Hermit stimulates the Pope; his personal appearance, 7;</li> <li>council at Placentia, 8;</li> <li>the Pope preaches the Crusade at Clermont, 9;</li> <li>enthusiasm of the people, 10;</li> <li>increased by signs and portents, 11;</li> <li>zeal of the women, 12;</li> <li>crowds of Crusaders, 13;</li> <li>“The truce of God” proclaimed; dissipation of the Crusaders, 14;</li> <li>popular leaders; Walter the Penniless, and Gottschalk, 15;</li> <li>conflicts with the Hungarians, 15, 16;</li> <li>Peter the Hermit defeated; arrives at Constantinople, 17;</li> <li>the Emperor Alexius; dissensions and reverses of the first Crusaders, 18;</li> <li>Peter the Hermit assisted by Alexius, 19;</li> <li>fresh hordes from Germany and France; their cruelty to the Jews, 20;</li> <li>defeated in Hungary; fresh leaders; Godfrey of Bouillon, Hugh count of Vermandois, Robert duke of Normandy, Robert count of Flanders and Bohemund, 21;</li> <li>the immense number of their forces; Hugh of Vermandois imprisoned, 23;</li> <li>his release obtained by Godfrey of Bouillon, 24;</li> <li>insolence of Count Robert of Paris; weakness of Alexius, 25;</li> <li>the siege of Nice, 26;</li> <li>barbarity of the Crusaders and Musselmen; anecdote of Godfrey of Bouillon, 27;</li> <li>Nice surrenders to Alexius; battle of Dorylœum, 28;</li> <li>improvidence and sufferings of the Crusaders, 29, 30;</li> <li>the siege of Antioch, 29, 31;</li> <li>Crusaders reduced to famine, 30;</li> <li>Antioch taken by treachery in the garrison (engraving), 32;</li> <li>the city invested by the Turks, 34;</li> <li>increasing famine and desertion, 35;</li> <li>Peter Barthelemy, his pretended vision, and discovery of the “Holy Lance” (engraving), 35-37, 40;</li> <li>revival of enthusiasm, 38;</li> <li>battle of Antioch, and defeat of the Turks, 38;</li> <li>dissensions, 40;</li> <li>fate of Peter Barthelemy, 41;</li> <li>Marah taken by storm, 42;</li> <li>shrine of the nativity at Bethlehem, (engraving), 43;</li> <li>first sight of Jerusalem (engraving), 44;</li> <li>the city besieged and taken, 45;</li> <li>Peter the Hermit’s fame revives, 46;</li> <li>Jerusalem under its Christian kings, 48;</li> <li>Godfrey of Bouillon succeeded by Baldwin; continual conflicts with the Saracens; Edessa taken by them, 50.</li> <li>Second Crusade:—Society in Europe at its commencement, 52; <ul> <li>St. Bernard’s preaching; Louis VII. joins the Crusaders, 53-55;</li> <li>receives the cross at Vezelai (engraving), 54;</li> <li>is joined by Conrad emperor of Germany and a large army, 56;</li> <li>their reception by Manuel Comnenus, 57;</li> <li>losses of the German army, 58;</li> <li>progress to Nice, and thence to Jerusalem, 60;</li> <li>jealousies of the leaders; siege of Damascus, 61;</li> <li>further dissensions; the siege abandoned, 62.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Third Crusade:—Progress of chivalry, 62; <ul> <li>successes of Saladin, 63;</li> <li>Barbarossa defeats the Saracens, 64;</li> <li>Crusade joined by Henry II. and Philip Augustus, 64;</li> <li>they meet at Gisors (engraving), 65;</li> <li>the Crusade unpopular, 66;</li> <li>delayed by war between France and England, death of Henry II.; Richard and Philip proceed to Palestine, 67;</li> <li>Richard attacks the Sicilians, 68;</li> <li>arrives at Acre, 69;</li> <li>siege and surrender of the city, 71;</li> <li>dissensions, Philip returns to France, Saladin defeated at Azotus, 72;</li> <li>Crusaders reach Bethlehem (engraving), retreat agreed on, 73;</li> <li>Jaffa attacked by Saladin and rescued by Richard, peace concluded, Richard’s imprisonment and ransom, 74.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Fourth Crusade, undertaken by the Germans; its failure, 75.</li> <li>Fifth Crusade:—Foulque, Bishop of Neuilly, enlists the chivalry of France; assisted by the Venetians; siege of Zara, 76; <ul> <li>Crusaders expel Alexius III. from Constantinople, 77;</li> <li>Alexius IV. deposed, 78;</li> <li>Murzuphlis defeated by the Crusaders and Venetians, 79;</li> <li>Baldwin count of Flanders, elected emperor; Pilgrimages to Jerusalem; children undertaking the Crusade are betrayed to slavery, 80.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sixth Crusade, prompted by the Pope, 81; <ul> <li>undertaken by the King of Hungary; pursued in Egypt; Damietta taken, 82;</li> <li>Cardinal Pelagius and John of Brienne, 83;</li> <li>dissensions and reverses; Damietta abandoned, 84.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Seventh Crusade:—Undertaken by Frederick II. of Germany, 84; <ul> <li>intrigues against him; he is excommunicated, 85;</li> <li>crowns himself King of Jerusalem, 86;</li> <li>supported by the Templars and Hospitallers (engraving), 86;</li> <li>returns to Germany, 87.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Eighth Crusade, commenced in France, 87: <ul> <li>battle of Gaza; Richard earl of Cornwall; truce agreed on; the Korasmins take Jerusalem, 88;</li> <li>they subdue the Templars, but are extirpated by the Syrian sultans, 90.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Ninth Crusade, began by Louis IX., 90; <ul> <li>joined by William Longsword (engraving), 91;</li> <li>the Crusade unpopular in England, 91-97;</li> <li>Damietta taken, 93;</li> <li>battle of Massoura; Louis taken prisoner by the Saracens; his ransom and return, 94;</li> <li>excitement in France, 95.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Tenth Crusade, by Louis IX. and Prince Edward of England, 95; <ul> <li>Louis dies at Carthage, 96;</li> <li>Edward arrives at Acre, 97;</li> <li>defeats the Turks at Nazereth; is treacherously wounded; the legend of Queen Eleanor, 98;</li> <li>her tomb at Westminster (engraving); a truce concluded; Edward returns to England; subsequent fate of the Holy Land, 99;</li> <li>civilising influence of the Crusades, 100.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>Currency in France, the Mississippi scheme, i. 4.</li> </ul> <ul id="indexD" class="index_list"> <li>D’Aguesseau, Chancellor of France, his opposition to the Mississippi scheme, i. 11; <ul> <li> portrait of; his financial measures, 33.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Damascus, besieged by the Crusaders (engraving), ii. 61.</li> <li>Damietta besieged by the Crusaders, ii. 83, 93.</li> <li>Dances of witches and toads, ii. 108, 109.</li> <li>D’Ancre, the Maréchale, executed for witchcraft, ii. 166.</li> <li>Dandolo, Doge of Venice, his encouragement of the Crusaders, ii. 76.</li> <li id="dapone">D’Apone, Pietro, his studies in alchymy; his command of money; charged with heresy, is tortured, and dies in prison, i. 104; <ul> <li> portrait of, ii. 140.</li> </ul> </li> <li>D’Argenson, French minister of finance, a supporter of the Mississippi scheme, i. 11, 42; <ul> <li> portrait of, 42.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Dead, the. (See Raising the Dead.)</li> <li>De Bouteville, a famous duellist, temp. Louis XIII., ii. 280; <ul> <li>beheaded by the justice of Richelieu, 281.</li> </ul> </li> <li id="dee">Dee, Dr., memoir and portrait of, i. 152; <ul> <li>his “shew-stone” in the British Museum (engraving), 154.</li> </ul> </li> <li>De Jarnac and La Chataigneraie, their famous duel, ii. 273.</li> <li>Deleuze, M., his absurd theories on animal magnetism, i. 291.</li> <li id="delisle">Delisle, Alain, an alchymist, i. 102.</li> <li>Delisle, Jean, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 189; <ul> <li>his success in transmuting metals, attested by the Bishop of Senes, 193;</li> <li>his imprisonment and death, 197.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Delrio, his persecution of witches, ii. 159.</li> <li id="demeung">De Meung, Jean, author of the Roman de la Rose, his study of alchymy, his libel on the fair sex, i. 112.</li> <li id="demons">Demons, popular belief in, ii. 105; <ul> <li>their powers and propensities, 106, 107;</li> <li>their meetings or “Sabbaths,” 107.</li> <li>(See Witchcraft and the Alchymists.)</li> </ul> </li> <li>De Nogent, his description of Peter the Hermit, ii. 7; <ul> <li>of the enthusiasm of the first Crusaders, 12, 23.</li> </ul> </li> <li>De Rays, Maréchale, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 125.</li> <li>De Rohan, Cardinal, his patronage of Cagliostro, i. 213-215; <ul> <li>his connexion with Marie Antoinette and the diamond necklace, 216-220.</li> </ul> </li> <li>D’Eslon, a pupil of Mesmer, i. 276, 280.</li> <li>Desmarets, Minister of France, his belief in alchymy, i. 192.</li> <li>Devil, the, old popular notions of, ii. 103; <ul> <li>various forms assumed by him, 106, 107;</li> <li>presided at the witches’ “Sabbath,” 108;</li> <li>his appearance to De Rays and Agrippa, i. 129, 142.</li> </ul> </li> <li id="devilleneuve">De Villeneuve, Arnold, his skill as a physician, astrologer and alchymist (with portrait), i. 103.</li> <li>D’Horn, Count, murders a broker, and steals his Mississippi bonds (engraving), i. 21; <ul> <li>efforts to save his life, inflexibility of the Regent, his execution, 22, 23.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Diamond, famous, purchased by the Regent Orleans, i. 27.</li> <li>Diamond Necklace of Marie Antoinette, history of the theft, i. 206-220.</li> <li>Diamonds worn by the Count St. Germain, i. 203; <ul> <li>his power of removing flaws in, 204.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Digby, Sir Kenelm, a believer in the virtues of “weapon-salve,” i. 265.</li> <li>Diseases cured by imagination, i. 262, 272; <ul> <li>pretended influence of magnetism, 262.</li> <li>(See the Magnetisers.)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Divination, its popularity; by cards, the tea-cup, the palm of the hand, the rod, and other modes, i. 251.</li> <li>“Domdaniel,” or Witches’ Sabbath. (See Witchcraft.)</li> <li>Dorylæum, battle of, ii. 28.</li> <li>Dowston, John, an English alchymist, i. 136.</li> <li>Dramas on the adventures of thieves; their popularity and evil influence, ii. 253, 257-260.</li> <li id="dreams">Dreams, interpretation of, i. 253.</li> <li>Dreams on particular nights, i. 258.</li> <li>Dream-books, their extensive sale, i. 254.</li> <li>Du Pompadour, Madame, and the Count de St. Germain, i. 201.</li> <li>Dupotet, M., his account of Mesmer’s experiments, i. 279, 285.</li> <li>Drummer of Tedworth. (See Haunted Houses.)</li> <li>Du Barri, Vicomte, killed in a duel at Bath, ii. 293.</li> <li id="duelsandordeals">Duels and Ordeals, ii. 261-301; <ul> <li>the ordeal by combat, or trial by battle, its natural origin; authorised by law, 262;</li> <li>discouraged by the clergy, 263;</li> <li>the oath upon the Evangelists, 264;</li> <li>judgment by the cross, 264;</li> <li>fire-ordeal, 265;</li> <li>ordeals used by modern Hindoos, 265;</li> <li>water ordeal, 265;</li> <li>the corsned, or bread and cheese ordeal, 266;</li> <li>ordeals superseded by judicial combats, 267;</li> <li>duels of Ingelgerius and Gontran (engraving), 269;</li> <li>De Montfort and the Earl of Essex, 270;</li> <li>Du Guesclin and Troussel (engraving), 261, 271;</li> <li>Carrouges and Legris, 272;</li> <li>La Chataigneraie and De Jarnac, 273;</li> <li>L’Isle-Marivaut and Marolles, 276;</li> <li>the Dukes de Beaufort and de Nemours, 282;</li> <li>Count de Bussy and Bruc, 282;</li> <li>frivolous causes of duels, 270, 271, 276, 282, 292, 296;</li> <li>their prevalence in France, 276, 277, 279, 280, 282;</li> <li>the custom opposed by Sully and Henry IV.; council at Fontainebleau (engraving), and royal edict, 277-279;</li> <li>efforts of Richelieu to suppress duelling, 280;</li> <li>De Bouteville, a famous duellist, beheaded by the justice of Richelieu; opinion of Addison on duelling, 281;</li> <li>duels in Germany, 282;</li> <li>severe edict by Louis XIV., 283;</li> <li>singular laws of Malta, 284;</li> <li>judicial combat in the reign of Queen Elizabeth; Lord Bacon opposes duelling, 285;</li> <li>Lord Sanquir’s duel with Turner; his execution for murder; combat between Lord Reay and David Ramsay prevented by Charles I., 287;</li> <li>Orders of the Commonwealth and Charles II. against the practice; Duke of Buckingham’s duel with Earl Shrewsbury; disgraceful conduct of Charles II., 288;</li> <li>practice of seconds in duels fighting as well as principals, 280, 288;</li> <li>arguments of Addison, Steele, and Swift, 288;</li> <li>duels in England; Sir C. Deering and Mr. Thornhill; Duke of Marlborough and Earl Pawlet; Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun; trial of General Macartney, 289-292;</li> <li>Wilson killed by John Law, i. 3;</li> <li>Mr. Chaworth killed by Lord Byron, ii. 292;</li> <li>Vicomte Du Barri by Count Rice, the Duke of York and Colonel Lennox, 293;</li> <li>Irish duels, 294;</li> <li>Major Campbell executed for the death of Captain Boyd, 296;</li> <li>Macnamara and Montgomery; duels of German students, 297;</li> <li>Best and Lord Camelford, 297;</li> <li>Frederick the Great and Joseph II. of Austria opposed to duelling, 298;</li> <li>other European edicts; laws of America, 299;</li> <li>general reflections, 300.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Du Guesclin and Troussel, their duel (engraving,) ii. 261, 271.</li> <li>Du Fresnoy’s history of the Hermetic Philosophy, i. 95, 96.</li> <li>Duncan, Gellie, and her accomplices tried for witchcraft; their absurd confessions, ii. 129-135.</li> <li>Duval, Claude, popular admiration of; Butler’s ode to his memory, ii. 255.</li> </ul> <ul id="indexE" class="index_list"> <li>Earthquakes prophesied in London, i. 224, 230.</li> <li>Edessa taken by the Crusaders, ii. 30; <ul> <li>retaken by the Saracens, 50.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Edward I., his great seal (engraving), ii. 97.</li> <li>Edward II. joins the last Crusade, ii. 95; <ul> <li>arrives at Acre, 97;</li> <li>treacherously wounded, 98;</li> <li>his patronage of Raymond Lulli the alchymist, i. 108;</li> <li>its supposed motive, 135.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Edward IV., his encouragement of alchymy, i. 135.</li> <li>Edward VI., his patronage of Dr. Dee, i. 152.</li> <li>Egypt, the Crusaders in, ii. 83, 84, 90, 92, 93.</li> <li>Elias claimed as a Rosicrucian, i. 175.</li> <li>Elixir Vitæ. (See Alchymists.)</li> <li>Eleanor, Queen of Edward II., her tomb at Westminster (engraving), ii. 99.</li> <li>Elizabeth, Queen, her patronage of Dr. Dee, i. 153, 162.</li> <li>Elwes, Sir Jervis, his participation in the poisoning of Sir Thomas Overbury, his execution, ii. 194, 197, 199.</li> <li>End of the world prophesied in the year 999, i. 222; <ul> <li>by Whiston in 1736, 223.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Epigrams on John Law and the Mississippi Scheme, i. 24, 37.</li> <li>Essex, Countess of, afterwards Countess of Somerset. (See Somerset.)</li> <li>Executions for witchcraft. (See Witchcraft.)</li> <li>Ezekiel claimed as a Rosicrucian, i. 175.</li> </ul> <ul id="indexF" class="index_list"> <li id="fallingstars">Falling stars regarded as omens, i. 223; <ul> <li>falling stars and other meteors before the Crusades, ii. 11.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Faria, the Abbé, the magnetiser, i. 294.</li> <li>Fashion of short and long hair, beards, and moustaches, i. 296-303.</li> <li>Female Crusaders. (See Women.)</li> <li>Feudalism at the commencement of the Crusades, ii. 5.</li> <li>Fian, Dr., tortured for witchcraft, ii. 131.</li> <li>Finance in France; the Mississippi scheme, i. 2, 6.</li> <li>Fire-ordeal. (See Duels and Ordeals.)</li> <li>Flamel, Nicholas, the alchymist, memoir of i. 113.</li> <li>Florimond on the prevalence of witchcraft, ii. 115.</li> <li>Flowers, fruits, and trees, their significance in dreams, i. 254.</li> <li>Fludd, Robert, the father of the English Rosicrucians, memoir of, i. 173; <ul> <li>introduces “weapon-salve” in England, 265.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Follies of great cities; cant, or slang phrases, ii. 239-248.</li> <li>Fontainebleau, council held by Henry IV. and edict against duelling (engraving), ii. 278.</li> <li>Food, its necessity denied by the Rosicrucians, i. 176.</li> <li>Forman, Dr., his participation in the poisoning of Sir Thomas Overbury, ii. 194.</li> <li id="fortunetelling">Fortune-Telling, i. 242-258; <ul> <li>presumption of man; his anxiety to penetrate futurity, 242.</li> <li>Judicial astrologers: Lilly, 243.</li> <li>Astrology in France, Louis XI., Catherine de Medicis, Nostradamus (portrait), 246;</li> <li>the Medici family, 247;</li> <li>Antiochus Tibertus, 247;</li> <li>horoscope of Louis XIV. 249;</li> <li>Kepler’s excuse for astrology, 249.</li> <li>Necromancy, Geomancy, Augury, Divination, 250;</li> <li>various kinds of divination; cards, the palm, the rod, &c., 251;</li> <li>interpretation of dreams, 253.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Foulque, Bishop of Neuilly, promoter of the fifth Crusade, ii. 76.</li> <li>France, its finances in the eighteenth century; the Mississippi scheme, i. 5, 6; <ul> <li>the Crusade preached there, ii. 8;</li> <li>the cathedral of Clermont (engraving), ii. 9;</li> <li>executions for witchcraft, ii. 119, 122, 174;</li> <li>existing belief in witchcraft there, ii. 189;</li> <li>the slow poisoners in, ii. 208;</li> <li>immense rage for duelling in France, 276, 277, 279, 280;</li> <li>alchymy in France. (See the Alchymists, Paris, Tours, &c.)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Franklin, an apothecary, his participation in the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury, ii. 195, 198, 199.</li> <li>Frederick the Great, his opposition to duelling, ii. 298.</li> <li>Frederick II., Emperor of Germany, undertakes the Crusade, ii. 84; <ul> <li>crowns himself king at Jerusalem, 86;</li> <li>returns to Germany, 87.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Frederick III. of Denmark, his patronage of alchymy, i. 183.</li> </ul> <ul id="indexG" class="index_list"> <li>Gambling speculations. (See Mississippi Scheme and South-Sea Bubble.)</li> <li>Garinet, Jules, his Histoire de la Magie en France, ii. 105, 109, 122, 189, 221.</li> <li>Gateway of Merchant-Tailors’ Hall, with South-Sea speculators (engraving), i. 62.</li> <li>Gay, the poet, his shares in the South-Sea Company, i. 65.</li> <li>Geber, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 96; <ul> <li>his scientific discoveries; English translation of his work, 97.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Geomancy described, i. 250.</li> <li>Geoffrey, M., his exposure of the tricks of alchymists, i. 188.</li> <li>George I., his speeches and proclamation on the South-Sea Bubble, i. 47-55, 69; <ul> <li>his grief on the death of the Earl of Stanhope, i. 75.</li> </ul> </li> <li>George III. refuses to pardon Major Campbell for the death of Capt. Boyd in a duel, ii. 294.</li> <li>Germany, executions for witchcraft, ii. 118; <ul> <li>duelling in, 282, 298;</li> <li>alchymy in, encouraged by the emperors, i. 119, 135, 158;</li> <li>the Rosicrucians in, 178;</li> <li>animal magnetism in, 290.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Gesner, Conrad, the first tulip cultivator, portrait of, i. 85.</li> <li>Ghosts. (See Haunted Houses.)</li> <li>Gibbon, Edward, grandfather of the historian, his participation in the South-Sea fraud, i. 73, 77; <ul> <li>heavily fined, 81;</li> <li>his grandson’s account of the proceedings, 81.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Gisors, meeting there of Henry II. and Philip Augustus (engraving), ii. 65.</li> <li>Glanvill, Rev. J., his work on witchcraft, ii. 148, 224.</li> <li>Glauber, an alchymist, i. 187.</li> <li>Glen, Lincolnshire, belief in witches there, ii. 185.</li> <li>Gnomes. (See the Rosicrucians.)</li> <li>Godfrey of Bouillon, his achievements in Palestine (engraving), ii. 21-24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 38, 39, 42, 46, 48.</li> <li>Gold, sought by the Alchymists. (See Alchymists.)</li> <li>Gottschalk, a leader of the Crusaders, ii. 15, 20.</li> <li>Gowdie, Isabel, her confession of witchcraft, ii. 136.</li> <li>Grafton’s Chronicle, account of Peter of Pontefract, i. 235.</li> <li>Greatraks, Valentine, his wonderful cures, i. 269-272.</li> <li>Great Seal of Edward I. (engraving), ii. 97.</li> <li>Gregorian chant, its merit tested by the ordeal of fire, ii. 266.</li> <li>Guise, the Duke of, his attempt to poison Gennaro Annese, ii. 202.</li> <li>Guizot, M., his remarks on the Crusades, ii. 51.</li> <li>Gustavus Adolphus an alchymist, i. 187.</li> <li>Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, besieges Acre, ii. 69.</li> </ul> <ul id="indexH" class="index_list"> <li id="hair">Hair, its length influenced by religious and political prejudices; legislative enactments, i. 296; <ul> <li>short hair of the Normans (engraving), i. 297, 303;</li> <li>St. Wulstan’s antipathy to long hair, 297;</li> <li>Serlo cuts off the hair of Henry I. (engraving), 296, 298;</li> <li>Louis VII. and his queen, 299;</li> <li>William “Longbeard,” 300;</li> <li>Roundheads and Cavaliers, 301;</li> <li>Peter the Great taxes beards, 301.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Hale, Sir Matthew, portrait of, ii. 148; <ul> <li>his belief in witchcraft, 157.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Hamilton, Duke of, his duel with Lord Mohun, ii. 290.</li> <li>Harcouet, his receipt for the Elixir Vitæ, i. 103.</li> <li>Harley, Earl of Oxford, the originator of the South-Sea Company, portrait of, i. 46.</li> <li>Haroun al Reschid, the Caliph, his encouragement of Christian pilgrims, ii. 3.</li> <li>Hastings, recent belief in witchcraft there, ii. 187.</li> <li>Hatton, Lady, her reputation for witchcraft; her house in Hatton Garden, (engraving), ii. 186.</li> <li id="hauntedhouses">“Haunted Houses,” popular belief in, ii. 217-238; <ul> <li>a house at Aix la Chapelle, cause of the noises discovered, ii. 218;</li> <li>alarm caused by a rat, 219;</li> <li>the monks of St. Bruno, their trick to obtain the haunted palace of Vauvert, 220;</li> <li>houses at Tours and Bordeaux, 221;</li> <li>the story of Woodstock Palace, 222;</li> <li>Mr. Mompesson’s house at Tedworth, 224;</li> <li>the “Cock Lane Ghost,” history of the deception; believed in by the learned (engravings), 228;</li> <li>the Stockwell ghost, 234;</li> <li>Baldarroch farm-house, 235;</li> <li>effect of education and civilisation, 238.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Hawkins, Mr., engravings from his Collection of Caricatures, i. 29, 44.</li> <li>Haygarth, Dr., his exposure of Perkins’s “Metallic Tractors,” i. 289.</li> <li>Hell, Father, his magnetic cures; his connexion with Mesmer, i. 283.</li> <li>Henry I., his hair cut short by Serlo, his chaplain (engraving), i. 262, 264.</li> <li>Henry II. joins the third crusade (engraving), ii. 64.</li> <li>Henry VI. issues patents to encourage alchymy, i. 118, 135.</li> <li>Henry VIII., his invitation to Cornelius Agrippa, i. 140.</li> <li>Henry, Prince, son of James I. suspected to have been poisoned, ii. 200.</li> <li>Henry II. of France, his patronage of Nostradamus, i. 246; <ul> <li>said to have prohibited duelling, ii. 273, 275;</li> <li>his death in the lists, 276.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Henry IV. of France, portrait of, ii. 277; <ul> <li>his opposition to duelling, 277, 279.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Hermes Trismegistus, the founder of alchymy, i. 95.</li> <li>Hermetic Philosophy. (See the Alchymists.)</li> <li>Heydon, John, an English Rosicrucian, i. 175.</li> <li>Heywood, his life and prophecies of Merlin, i. 233.</li> <li>Highwaymen. (See Thieves.)</li> <li>Hogarth’s caricature of the South-Sea Bubble (engraving), i. 82.</li> <li>Holland, the tulip mania. (See Tulip Mania.)</li> <li>Holloway’s lectures on animal magnetism, i. 287.</li> <li>Holt, Chief Justice, his opposition to the belief in witchcraft, ii. 152.</li> <li>“Holy Lance,” the, its pretended discovery (engraving), ii. 37.</li> <li>Hopkins, Matthew, the “witch-finder general,” his cruelty and retributive fate, (engraving), ii. 143-146.</li> <li>Horoscope of Louis XIV., i. 249.</li> <li>Hugh count of Vermandois imprisoned at Constantinople, ii. 21, 23; <ul> <li>at the siege of Nice, 26;</li> <li>quits the Crusaders, 42.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Human remains ingredients in charms and nostrums, i. 272.</li> <li>Hungary plundered by the Crusaders, ii. 15, 16, 20, 21.</li> <li>Hutchinson, Dr., his work on witchcraft, ii. 123.</li> </ul> <ul id="indexI" class="index_list"> <li>Imps in the service of witches. (See Demons and Witchcraft.)</li> <li>Ingelgerius count of Anjou, his duel with Gontran (engraving), ii. 269.</li> <li>Innocent III. and IV., promoters of the Crusades, ii. 75, 80, 81.</li> <li>Innocent VIII., his bull against witchcraft, ii. 117.</li> <li>Innspruck, view of (engraving), i. 181.</li> <li>Invisibility pretended by the Rosicrucians, i. 169, 178.</li> <li>Isaac Comnenus attacked by Richard I., ii. 69.</li> <li>Isaac of Holland, an alchymist, i. 136.</li> <li>Isnik, the Crusaders defeated at (with view of Isnik), ii. 19.</li> <li>Italy, slow poisoning in (see Poisoning); <ul> <li>the banditti of, ii. 256.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul id="indexJ" class="index_list"> <li>Jaques Cœur the alchymist, memoir of, i. 132.</li> <li>Jaffa besieged by Saladin, and saved by Richard I., ii. 74; <ul> <li>view of, ii. 89;</li> <li>defended by the Templars against the Korasmins, ii. 90.</li> </ul> </li> <li>James I., his belief in the virtue of “weapon salve,” i. 266; <ul> <li>portrait of, ii. 134;</li> <li>charges Gellie Duncan and others with witchcraft, 129;</li> <li>their trial, confessions and execution, 129-135;</li> <li>his work on “Demonology,” 139;</li> <li>his supposed secret vices; his favoritism to the Earl of Somerset, the poisoner of Sir Thomas Overbury; himself thought to have died by poison, 193-202;</li> <li>his severity against duelling, 287.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Jean De Meung. (See De Meung.)</li> <li>Jerusalem (and see Crusades), engravings, ii. 44, 47, 49; <ul> <li>first pilgrims to, ii. 2;</li> <li>besieged and taken by the Crusaders, 45;</li> <li>its state under the Christian kings, 48, 49;</li> <li>council of the second Crusade there, 60;</li> <li>captured by Saladin, 63.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Jewell, Bishop, his exclamations against witchcraft, ii. 124.</li> <li>Jews plundered and murdered by the Crusaders, ii. 20.</li> <li>Joan of Arc, her execution (engraving), ii. 114.</li> <li>John XXII. (Pope), his study of Alchymy, i. 111.</li> <li>Johnson, Dr., on the “Beggar’s Opera,” ii. 258.</li> <li>Joseph II. of Austria, his opposition to duelling, ii. 298.</li> <li>Judicial astrology. (See Astrology.)</li> <li>Judicial combats. (See Duels.)</li> </ul> <ul id="indexK" class="index_list"> <li>Karloman, King of Hungary, his contest with the Crusaders, ii. 20.</li> <li>Kelly, Edward, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 152.</li> <li>Kendal, Duchess of, her participation in the South-Sea fraud, i. 76, 77.</li> <li>Kent, Mr., accused of murder by the “Cock Lane Ghost,” ii. 229.</li> <li>Kepler, his excuse for astrology, i. 250.</li> <li>Kerbogha, leader of the Turks defeated at Antioch, ii. 34, 38, 39.</li> <li>Kerr, Robert, afterwards Earl of Somerset. (See Somerset.)</li> <li>Kircher abandons his belief in alchymy, i. 185, 183; <ul> <li>his belief in magnetism as a remedy for disease, 264.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Knight, ——, Treasurer of the South-Sea Company, his apprehension and escape, i. 76.</li> <li>Knox, John, portrait of; accused of witchcraft, ii. 128.</li> <li>Koffstky, a Polish alchymist, i. 136.</li> </ul> <ul id="indexL" class="index_list"> <li>Labourt, France, 200 witches executed, ii. 166.</li> <li>La Chataigneraie and De Jarnac, their famous duel, ii. 273.</li> <li>La Chaussée, the accomplice of Madame de Brinvilliers, his execution, ii. 212.</li> <li>Lady-day, superstitions on, i. 258.</li> <li>Lamb, Dr., the poisoner, attacked and killed in the streets (engraving), ii. 202.</li> <li>“Lancashire witches” executed, ii. 141.</li> <li>Laski, Count Albert, his reception by Queen Elizabeth, his studies in alchymy, i. 155; <ul> <li>is victimised by Dee and Kelly, 157.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Lavigoreux and Lavoisin, the French poisoners executed, ii. 215.</li> <li>Law, J., projector of the Mississippi scheme, his romantic history, i. 1; <ul> <li>his house in the Rue de Quincampoix, Paris (engraving), i. 13.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Law, Wm., his participation in the Mississippi scheme, i. 9, 42.</li> <li>Le Blanc, the Abbé, on the popularity of Great Thieves, ii. 251.</li> <li>Lennox, Col., his duel with the Duke of York, ii. 293.</li> <li>Liège, Madame de Brinvilliers arrested there, ii. 213.</li> <li>Lille, singular charges of witchcraft at, ii. 169.</li> <li>Lilly, the astrologer, account of, i. 243.</li> <li>Lipsius, his passion for tulips, i. 86.</li> <li>London, the plague of 1665, i. 228; <ul> <li>inundation prophesied in 1524, i. 228;</li> <li>the Great Fire, 230.</li> <li>(See also Cagliostro, Change Alley, Cornhill, Merchant Taylors’ Hall, Tower, Westminster.)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Longbeard, William, cause of his name, i. 300.</li> <li>Longsword, William (engraving), joins the ninth Crusade, ii. 91.</li> <li>Loudun, the curate of, executed for witchcraft, ii. 168.</li> <li>Louis VII. cuts short his hair, and loses his queen, i. 299; <ul> <li>joins the Crusaders, ii. 53;</li> <li>is consecrated at St. Denis, 55;</li> <li>reaches Constantinople and Nice, 58;</li> <li>his conflicts with the Saracens, 59;</li> <li>arrival at Jerusalem, 60;</li> <li>his sincerity as a Crusader, 61;</li> <li>returns to France, 62.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Louis IX. undertakes the ninth Crusade, ii. 90; <ul> <li>his valour at the battle of Massoura, 94;</li> <li>taken prisoner, 94;</li> <li>his ransom and return, 94;</li> <li>his second Crusade, 95;</li> <li>effigy of (engraving), 220.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Louis XI., his encouragement of astrologers, i. 246.</li> <li>Louis XIII., prevalence of duelling in his reign, ii. 280.</li> <li>Louis XIV., his bigotry and extravagance, i. 5, 6; <ul> <li>remonstrated with by his Parliament on his leniency to supposed witches, ii. 171;</li> <li>portrait of, 177;</li> <li>establishes the “chambre ardente” for the trial of poisoners, 214, 283;</li> <li>his horoscope, 249;</li> <li>his severe edict against duelling, 283.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Louis XV., his patronage of the Court St. Germain, i. 201, 204.</li> <li>“Loup-garou” executed in France, ii. 120.</li> <li>Loutherbourg, the painter, his alleged cures by animal magnetism, i. 288.</li> <li id="lulli">Lulli, Raymond, a famous alchymist, his romantic history, with portrait, i. 105; <ul> <li>his treatment by Edward II., 135.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Lyons, view of, ii. 160.</li> </ul> <ul id="indexM" class="index_list"> <li>Macartney, General, second to Lord Mohun, his trial for murder, ii. 292.</li> <li>Mackenzie, Sir George, portrait of, ii. 138; <ul> <li>his enlightened views on witchcraft, 137.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Macnamara and Montgomery, frivolous cause of their fatal duel, ii. 297.</li> <li id="magnetisers">Magnetisers, the, i. 262-295; <ul> <li>effect of imagination in the cure of diseases, i. 262, 272.</li> <li>Mineral Magnetism: Paracelsus its first professor, 263;</li> <li>diseases transplanted to the earth; Kircher; “weapon-salve,” 264;</li> <li>controversy on its merits, 265;</li> <li>Sir Kenelm Digby’s “powder of sympathy,” 266;</li> <li>other delusions, 268.</li> <li>Animal Magnetism: wonderful cures by Valentine Greatraks, i. 269-272;</li> <li>Francisco Bagnoni, Van Helmont, Gracian, Baptista Porta, &c., 272;</li> <li>Wirdig, Maxwell, 273;</li> <li>the convulsionaires of St. Medard, i. 273;</li> <li>Father Hell, 274;</li> <li>Anthony Mesmer, his history and theory, 275;</li> <li>Mesmer, 276-283;</li> <li>D’Eslon adopts his views, 278, 280, 281;</li> <li>encouragement to depravity afforded by his experiments, 282, 293;</li> <li>exposures by MM. Dupotet and Bailly, 279, 281;</li> <li>Marquis de Puysegur, 283;</li> <li>Chevalier de Barbarin, 286;</li> <li>Mainauduc, Holloway, Loutherbourg, 287, 288;</li> <li>Perkins’s “Metallic Tractors” exposed by Dr. Haygarth, 289;</li> <li>absurd theories of Deleuze, 291;</li> <li>the Abbé Faria, fallacies of the theory of, 294.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Mainauduc, Dr., his experiments in animal magnetism, i. 287.</li> <li>Malta, its singular laws on duelling, ii. 284.</li> <li>Mansfield, Lord, trial of the “Cock-lane Ghost” conspirators before him, ii. 234.</li> <li>Manuel Comnenus, his treatment of the Crusaders, ii. 56, 58, 59.</li> <li>Marie Antoinette, history of the diamond necklace, i. 216-220.</li> <li>Marlborough, Duke of, his duel with Earl Pawlet, ii. 289.</li> <li>Massaniello, relics of his fate treasured by the populace, ii. 305.</li> <li>Massoura, battle of, the Saracens defeated, ii. 94.</li> <li>Mayer, Michael, his report on the Rosicrucian doctrines, i. 168.</li> <li>Maxwell, William, the magnetiser, i. 273.</li> <li>Medicis, Catherine di, her encouragement of astrologers, i. 246.</li> <li>Medici family, predictions respecting them, i. 247.</li> <li id="merchanttaylorshall">Merchant Taylors’ Hall, view of gateway, i. 62.</li> <li>Merlin, his pretended prophecies, i. 232; <ul> <li>his miraculous birth, 236;</li> <li>Spenser’s description of his cave, 237.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Mesmer, Anthony, the founder of animal magnetism, his history and theory, i. 275; <ul> <li>his theory and practice, 276;</li> <li>elegance of his house at Paris, 278;</li> <li>infatuation of his disciples, 282.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Metals, transmutation of. (See Alchymists.)</li> <li>Meteoric phenomena, their effect in inciting to the Crusades, ii. 3, 11.</li> <li id="meteors">Meteors regarded as omens, i. 223.</li> <li>Milan, plague of 1630 prophesied, i. 225; <ul> <li>fear of poisoners, Mora and others executed, 226;</li> <li>appearance of the devil, 227.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Millenium, the, universally expected at the end of the tenth century, ii. 3.</li> <li id="mississippischeme">Mississippi Scheme, the, its history, i. 1-44; <ul> <li>financial difficulties in France, expedients of the Regent Orleans, i. 6;</li> <li>official peculation and corruption, 7;</li> <li>John Law’s propositions; his French cognomen, “Lass;” his bank established, 9;</li> <li>his notes at a premium; branch banks established; Mississippi trading company established; bank made a public institution; extensive issue of notes, 10;</li> <li>opposition of the Parliament, 11;</li> <li>the Regent uses coercion; Mississippi shares rise, 12;</li> <li>the Company of the Indies formed; magnificent promises; immense excitement and applications for shares; Law’s house in the Rue de Quincampoix (engraving), 13;</li> <li>hunchback used as a writing-desk (engraving), 15;</li> <li>enormous gains of individuals, 14, 16, 19, 20, 26;</li> <li>Law’s removal to the Place Vendôme, 14;</li> <li>continued excitement, 15;</li> <li>removal to the Hotel de Soissons (engraving), 15;</li> <li>noble and fashionable speculators, 17;</li> <li>ingenious schemes to obtain shares (engraving), 18;</li> <li>avarice and ambition of the speculators; robberies and murders, 20;</li> <li>a broker murdered by Count d’Horn, and robbed of shares (engraving), 21;</li> <li>temporary stimulus to trade, and illusive prosperity; Law purchases estates, and turns Catholic, 24;</li> <li>his charity and modesty, 25;</li> <li>caricatures of him, as Atlas, 25;</li> <li>“Lucifer’s new row barge,” 29;</li> <li>in a car drawn by cocks, 40;</li> <li>increase of luxury in Paris, 26;</li> <li>the Regent purchases the great diamond, 27;</li> <li>symptoms of distrust; coin further depreciated, 28;</li> <li>use of specie forbidden, at Law’s suggestion, 29;</li> <li>popular hatred excited, 30;</li> <li>fall of shares, 31;</li> <li>conscription for the Mississippi gold mines (engraving), 31;</li> <li>further issue of notes, and increased distrust and distress, 32;</li> <li>payment stopped, and Law dismissed from the ministry, 33;</li> <li>his danger from the populace, 33, 35, 38;</li> <li>D’Aguesseau’s measures to restore credit (portrait), 34;</li> <li>run on the Bank, 34;</li> <li>fatal accidents in the crowd, 34;</li> <li>the Mississippi and India companies deprived of their privileges, 39;</li> <li>Law leaves France, 40;</li> <li>D’Argenson’s dismissal and unpopularity, 42;</li> <li>Law’s subsequent history and death, 43;</li> <li>caricatures of the scheme in its success and failure, 25, 29, 37, 40, 44.</li> </ul> </li> <li id="modernprophecies">Modern prophecies, i. 222-241.</li> <li>Mohra, in Sweden, absurd charges of witchcraft, and numerous executions, ii. 177.</li> <li>Mohun, Lord, his duel with the Duke of Hamilton, ii. 290.</li> <li>Mompesson, Mr., his “haunted house” at Tedworth, ii. 224.</li> <li id="moneymania">Money Mania. (See the Mississippi Scheme and South-Sea Bubble.)</li> <li>Montesquieu “Esprit des Loix,” ii. 262-267.</li> <li>Montgomery and Macnamara, frivolous cause of their fatal duel, ii. 297.</li> <li>More, Hannah, on animal magnetism, i. 287.</li> <li>Mormius, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 178.</li> <li>Mortlake, Dr. Dee’s house at, i. 153, 162.</li> <li>Moses cited by alchymists as an adept, i. 95; <ul> <li>claimed as a Rosicrucian, 175.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Moustaches, fashion of wearing, i. 302.</li> <li>Mummies, an ingredient in charms and nostrums, i. 271.</li> <li>Munting’s history of the tulip mania, i. 87.</li> </ul> <ul id="indexN" class="index_list"> <li>Nadel, Mausch, a German robber, ii. 257.</li> <li>Naiades. (See the Rosicrucians.)</li> <li>Nantwich, Nixon’s prophecy of its fate, i. 240.</li> <li>Naples, arrest and execution of La Tophania, the slow poisoner, ii. 207.</li> <li>Napoleon’s willow at St. Helena and other relics, ii. 307.</li> <li>Naudé, Gabriel, his exposure of the Rosicrucians, i. 173.</li> <li>Necromancy, its connexion with alchymy, i. 129; <ul> <li>danger of its practice, 250.</li> </ul> </li> <li>New England, women, a child, and a dog, executed as witches, ii. 180.</li> <li>Nice besieged by the Crusaders, ii. 26.</li> <li>Nixon, Robert, the Cheshire prophet, i. 238.</li> <li>Noah, the patriarch, a successful alchymist, i. 95.</li> <li>Noises. (See Haunted Houses.)</li> <li>Normandy, witches in, ii. 172.</li> <li>Nostradamus, the astrologer; his prophecies (portrait), i. 246.</li> </ul> <ul id="indexO" class="index_list"> <li>Oath on the Evangelists and holy relics, a test of innocence, ii. 264.</li> <li>Odomare, a French alchymist, i. 136.</li> <li>Official peculation in France under the Regent Orleans, i. 7.</li> <li>Omens: winding-sheets, howling dogs, death-watch, “coffins,” shivering, walking under ladders, upsetting salt, thirteen at table, piebald horses, sneezing, dogs, cats, bees, itching; Oriental belief in omens, i. 255. <ul> <li>(See Comets, Falling Stars, and Meteors.)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Oneiro-criticism; interpreting dreams. (See Dreams.)</li> <li>Ordeals. (See Duels and Ordeals.)</li> <li>Orleans, Duke of. (Regent of France) portrait of; his patronage of the Mississippi Scheme, i. 5; <ul> <li>his financial errors, 10, 12, 33, 41;</li> <li>enforces the execution of Count D’Horn for murder, 23;</li> <li>his purchase of the celebrated diamond, 27;</li> <li>his ill-treatment of Law, 33.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Orleans, Duchess of, her remarks on the Mississippi scheme, i. 5, 19, 24, 35, 36.</li> <li>Ortholani, a French alchymist, i 136.</li> <li>Overbury, Sir Thomas, portrait of, ii. 195; <ul> <li>poisoned by the Earl and Countess of Somerset and their accomplices, 193-201.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul id="indexP" class="index_list"> <li>Palestine. (See the Crusades.)</li> <li>Palmistry. (See Fortune-Telling.)</li> <li>Paper currency, introduced in France by John Law, i. 4.</li> <li id="paracelsus">Paracelsus, memoir and portrait of, i. 142; <ul> <li>his singular doctrines, 145;</li> <li>the first of the magnetisers, 262.</li> </ul> </li> <li id="paris">Paris, the Palais Royal (engraving), i. 12; <ul> <li>John Law’s house, Rue de Quincampoix (engraving), 13;</li> <li>Hotel de Soissons (engraving), 16;</li> <li>incidents of the Mississippi scheme (four engravings), i. 15, 18, 21, 31;</li> <li>the Place de Grêve (engraving), ii. 192;</li> <li>the Bastile (engraving), ii. 209;</li> <li>house of Nicholas Flamel, in the rue de Marivaux, i. 118;</li> <li>the Rosicrucians in, i. 170-173;</li> <li>Mesmer’s house; his experiments, 278.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Parsons and his family, concoctors of the “Cock Lane Ghost” deception, ii. 228.</li> <li>Paul’s Cross, Dr. Lamb, the poisoner, attacked and killed there (engraving), ii. 202.</li> <li>Persecution of alleged witches. (See Witches.)</li> <li>Peter the Great taxes beards (portrait), i. 267.</li> <li>Peter the Hermit. (See the Crusades.)</li> <li>Peter of Lombardy, an alchymist, i. 136.</li> <li>Peter of Pontefract, his false prophecies described by Grafton, i. 234.</li> <li>Petronella, the wife of Nicholas Flamel, i. 116.</li> <li>Philalethes, Eugenius, a Rosicrucian, i. 175.</li> <li>Philip I. excommunicated, ii. 8.</li> <li>Philip Augustus joins the third crusade (engraving), ii. 64, 66; <ul> <li>his jealousy of Richard I., 69, 71;</li> <li>returns to France, 72.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Philip IV., portrait of, ii. 112; <ul> <li>his persecution of the Templars, ii. 113.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Philosopher’s stone, searchers for the. (See Alchymists.)</li> <li>Pietro D’Apone. (See D’Apone.)</li> <li>Pigray on witchcraft in France, ii. 122.</li> <li>Pilgrimages to Jerusalem before the Crusades, ii. 2.</li> <li>Pilgrim’s staff (engraving), ii. 56.</li> <li>Place de Grêve (engraving), ii. 192; <ul> <li>Madame de Brinvilliers; La Chaussée and others executed there for poisoning, 212, 213, 215.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Plague at Milan prophesied, i. 225.</li> <li>Plays on the adventures of thieves, their evil influence, ii. 253, 257.</li> <li id="poisoning">Poisoning, in Greece and Rome; its spread in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; declared high treason in England, ii. 192; <ul> <li>Sir Thomas Overbury poisoned; full history of his case, with portraits of Overbury, the Earl and Countess of Somerset, Lord Coke, and Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, 193-201;</li> <li>suspicious death of Prince Henry, son of James I., 200;</li> <li>Buckingham said to have poisoned James I., 201;</li> <li>fate of Dr. Lamb, the poisoner (engraving), 202;</li> <li>slow poisoning in Italy, its general prevalence; employed by the Duke of Guise; much used by Roman ladies to poison husbands, 203;</li> <li>trial and execution of La Spara and others; other women punished, 204;</li> <li>atrocious crimes of La Tophania; the nature of her poison; protected in sanctuary by the clergy of Naples; seized by the viceroy, tried, and executed, 206-208.</li> <li>In France: Exili, Glaser, and Sainte Croix, the first criminals, 208;</li> <li>Madame de Brinvilliers and Sainte Croix; their crimes and punishment, 208-214;</li> <li>M. de Penautier charged with poisoning; popular mania for the crime, 214;</li> <li>Lavoisin and Lavigoreux executed, 215;</li> <li>charges against the Marshal de Luxembourg and the Countess of Soissons; recent revival of the crime in England, 216.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Pope, his sketch of Sir John Blunt, Chairman of the South-Sea Company, i. 74.</li> <li id="popularfollies">Popular Follies of Great Cities, ii. 239-248. <ul> <li>Cant or slang phrases: <ul> <li>“Quoz,” 240;</li> <li>“What a shocking bad hat,” 240;</li> <li>“Hookey Walker,” 241;</li> <li>“There he goes with his eye out,” 242;</li> <li>“Has your mother sold her mangle?” 242;</li> <li>“Flare up,” 242;</li> <li>“Does your mother know you’re out?” 244;</li> <li>“Who are you?” 244.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Songs: <ul> <li>“Cherry ripe,” 246;</li> <li>“The Sea,” 247;</li> <li>“Jim Crow,” 247.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>Portraits.—John Law, i. 1; <ul> <li>the Regent Orleans, 5;</li> <li>D’Aguesseau, 34;</li> <li>D’Argenson, 42;</li> <li>Earl of Sunderland, 80;</li> <li>Harley Earl of Oxford, 46;</li> <li>Sir Robert Walpole, 49;</li> <li>Mr. Secretary Craggs, 64;</li> <li>Conrad Gesner, the first tulip cultivator, 85;</li> <li>Albertus Magnus, 100;</li> <li>Arnold de Villeneuve, 103;</li> <li>Raymond Lulli, 105;</li> <li>Cornelius Agrippa, 138;</li> <li>Panacelsus, 142;</li> <li>Dr. Dee, 152;</li> <li>Philip IV., ii. 112;</li> <li>Charles IX., 119;</li> <li>John Knox, 128;</li> <li>James I., 134;</li> <li>Sir George Mackenzie, 138;</li> <li>Pietro d’Apone, 140;</li> <li>Sir Matthew Hale, 148;</li> <li>Sir Thomas Brown, 151;</li> <li>Louis XIV., 177;</li> <li>Henry Andrews, the original of “Francis Moore,” i. 244;</li> <li>Nostradamus, 246;</li> <li>Peter the Great, 267;</li> <li>Sir Thomas Overbury, ii. 195;</li> <li>Villiers duke of Buckingham, 198;</li> <li>Lord Chief Justice Coke, 199;</li> <li>Earl and Countess of Somerset, 200, 201;</li> <li>Henry IV. of France, 277;</li> <li>Lord Bacon, 286.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Political prejudices and enactments against long hair and beards, i. 296-303.</li> <li>Poetry and romance, their obligations to the Rosicrucians, i. 179.</li> <li>Powell, Chief Justice, his opposition to the belief in witchcraft, ii. 152.</li> <li>Prophecies: Plague of Milan, i. 225; <ul> <li>plague of London, 1665, inundation of London, 1528, 228;</li> <li>great fire, 1666; earthquake, 1842, 230;</li> <li>Mother Shipton, with view of her cottage, 232, 241;</li> <li>Merlin, 232-238;</li> <li>Peter of Pontefract, 234;</li> <li>Robert Nixon the Cheshire prophet, 238;</li> <li>almanac-makers, 240 (see Fortune-Telling);</li> <li>end of the world, 222, 224;</li> <li>earthquakes, 224.</li> <li>(See Modern Prophecies, the Crusades, Peter Barthelemy, &c.)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Puysegur, the Marquis de, his discovery of clairvoyance; his magnetic elm, i. 283-286.</li> </ul> <ul id="indexR" class="index_list"> <li id="raisingthedead">Raising the dead and absent, a power ascribed to Cornelius Agrippa, i. 142; <ul> <li>and Cagliostro, 217.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Raleigh, Sir Walter, an inveterate duellist, abandons the custom, ii. 297.</li> <li>Raymond of Toulouse, a leader of the first crusade, ii. 21, 26, 29, 31, 34, 45, 46; <ul> <li>his supposed collusion with Peter Barthelemy, 35, 37, 41;</li> <li>at the siege of Jerusalem, 46.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Raymond Lulli. (See Lulli.)</li> <li>Reinaldo, a leader of the first crusade, ii. 18.</li> <li id="relics">Relics, brought by the early pilgrims from Palestine, ii. 2; <ul> <li>swearing on, a test of innocence, 264;</li> <li>fragments of the true cross; bones of saints; tears of the Saviour; tears and milk of the Virgin; Santa Scala at Rome; relics of Longbeard, Massaniello, La Brinvilliers, Dr. Dodd, Fauntleroy, Thurtell, Corder, Greenacre, Thom, Shakspere, Napoleon, Waterloo, 302-308.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Religious prejudices and ordinances against long hair and beards, i. 296-303.</li> <li>Rhodes, Richard I. at (engraving), ii. 69.</li> <li>Rice, Count, tried for killing Du Barri in a duel, ii. 293.</li> <li>Richard I. sets out for Palestine, ii. 67; <ul> <li>attacks the Sicilians, 68;</li> <li>arrives at Rhodes (engraving), 69;</li> <li>his queen Berengaria (engraving), 70;</li> <li>captures Acre, 71;</li> <li>reaches Bethlehem (engraving), 73;</li> <li>his concern on being obliged to retreat, 74;</li> <li>his reputation in Palestine, 74.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Richelieu an alchymist, i. 198; <ul> <li>his opposition to duelling, ii. 279, 280.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Ripley, George, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 118.</li> <li>Robert duke of Normandy, a leader of the Crusades, ii. 21, 31, 39, 46.</li> <li>Robert count of Flanders, a leader of the first Crusade, ii. 21, 30, 31.</li> <li>Robert of Paris (Count), his insolence to the Emperor Alexius, ii. 25; <ul> <li>killed at the battle of Dorylæum, 29.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Robin Hood, popular admiration of, ii. 250.</li> <li>Robinson, Ann, the Stockwell “Ghost,” ii. 234.</li> <li>Rochester, Viscount, afterwards Earl of Somerset. (See Somerset.)</li> <li>Roger Bacon. (See Bacon.)</li> <li>Romance and poetry, their obligations to the Rosicrucians, i. 179.</li> <li>Rosenberg (Count), a patron of Dr. Dee, i. 159.</li> <li id="rosicrucians">Rosicrucians, the, their romantic doctrines; history of their progress, i. 167; <ul> <li>their poetical doctrines, sylphs, naiades, gnomes, and salamanders, 172, 179.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Rouen, view in, ii. 171; <ul> <li>the Parliament remonstrate with Louis XIV. on his leniency to suspected witches, 172.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Rudolph (I. and II.), Emperors, their encouragement of alchymy, i. 158, 165.</li> <li>Rupecissa, John de, a French alchymist, i. 136.</li> <li>Russia, tax on beards imposed by Peter the Great, i. 301.</li> </ul> <ul id="indexS" class="index_list"> <li>“Sabbaths,” or meetings of witches and demons, ii. 107, 133. <ul> <li>(See Witchcraft.)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sainte Croix, the slow poisoner in France, his crimes and death, ii. 208, 211.</li> <li>Saints, relics of, ii. 304.</li> <li>Saladin, his military successes, ii. 63; <ul> <li>his defence of Acre, 69, 71;</li> <li>defeated at Azotus, 72;</li> <li>and at Jaffa, 74.</li> </ul> </li> <li>“Saladin’s tithe,” a tax enforced by the Crusaders, ii. 65.</li> <li>Salamanders. (See the Rosicrucians.)</li> <li>Santa Scala, or Holy Stairs, at Rome, ii. 304.</li> <li>Schinderhannes, the German robber, ii. 256.</li> <li>Scotland, witchcraft in. (See Witchcraft.)</li> <li>Scott, Sir Walter, his anachronisms on the Crusades, ii. 74, 98. <ul> <li>“Scratching Fanny,” or the Cock Lane Ghost; her remains in the vault of St. John’s Church, Clerkenwell, ii. 230.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Seal of Edward I. (engraving), ii. 97.</li> <li>Seifeddoulet, the Sultan, his reception of Alfarabi, the alchymist, i. 98.</li> <li>Semlin attacked by the Crusaders, ii. 15.</li> <li>Sendivogius, a Polish alchymist, i. 164, 165.</li> <li>Senés, Bishop of, his report on Jean Delisle’s success in alchymy, i. 193.</li> <li>Serlo cuts off the hair of Henry I. (engraving), i. 296, 298.</li> <li>Seton, the Cosmopolite, an alchymist; memoir of, i. 163.</li> <li>Sevigné, Madame, her account of Madame de Brinvilliers, ii. 208, 213.</li> <li>Shakespere’s Mulberry-tree, ii. 307.</li> <li>Sharp, Giles, contriver of mysterious noises at Woodstock Palace, ii. 224.</li> <li>Shem, the son of Noah, an alchymist, i. 95.</li> <li>Sheppard, Jack, his popularity—lines on his portrait by Thornhill, ii. 252; <ul> <li>evil effect of a novel and melo-dramas representing his career, 253.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sherwood Forest, and Robin Hood (engraving), ii. 249, 250.</li> <li>Shipton, Mother, her prophecy of the fire of London, i. 230; <ul> <li>her popularity, 231;</li> <li>view of her cottage, 241.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Simeon, the Patriarch, a promoter of the Crusades, ii. 7.</li> <li>Slang phrases. (See Popular Follies.)</li> <li>Slow Poisoners, the. (See Poisoning.)</li> <li>Smollett, on history and the South-Sea Bubble, i. 67.</li> <li>Soliman the Sultan, his conflict with the Crusaders, ii. 18.</li> <li id="somerset">Somerset, the Earl of (poisoner of Sir Thos. Overbury), portrait of, ii. 200; <ul> <li>his origin and rise at court; supposed vicious connexion with James I.; his intrigue and marriage with the Countess of Essex; the murder of Overbury; the earl’s trial and sentence, 193-201.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Somerset, the Countess of, her participation in the murder of Sir Thos. Overbury, with portrait, ii. 201.</li> <li id="songs">Songs: <ul> <li>on the Mississippi scheme, i. 36;</li> <li>on the South-Sea Bubble, 50;</li> <li>on famous thieves, ii. 260;</li> <li>on witchcraft, popular in Germany, 165;</li> <li>popularity of “Cherry Ripe,” “The Sea,” “Jim Crow,” 246.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Songs, Beranger’s “Thirteen at Table,” i. 257.</li> <li>Songs of the Rosicrucians, i. 168, 204.</li> <li>Sorcery. (See Witchcraft and Alchemy.)</li> <li>Sorel, Agnes, her patronage of Jacques Cœur, the alchymist, i. 132.</li> <li id="southseabubble">South-Sea Bubble, history of, i. 45-84; <ul> <li>the Company originated by Harley, Earl of Oxford; its primary object, 45;</li> <li>visionary ideas of South-Sea trade; restrictions imposed by Spanish Government, 46;</li> <li>proposals to Parliament to reduce the debt; capital increased to twelve millions; success of the Company, 47;</li> <li>its application to take the whole state debt; counter application by the Bank of England; the former adopted by Parliament; stock rises from 130 to 300, 48;</li> <li>Sir R. Walpole’s warning; directors’ exertions to raise the prices, 49;</li> <li>bill passed; great demand for shares, 50;</li> <li id="bubbleschemes">other bubble schemes started and encouraged, 51, 52;</li> <li>eighty-six of them dissolved, 55, 57;</li> <li>shares at 400; fall to 290, but raised by the directors’ schemes, 51;</li> <li>dividend declared; increased excitement, 52;</li> <li>Swift’ lines on Change Alley; extent of the delusion; frauds of schemers, 54;</li> <li>fears of the judicious; bubble companies proclaimed unlawful, 55;</li> <li>continued excitement; stock at 1000, 62, 63;</li> <li>Sir John Blunt, the chairman, sells out; stock falls; meeting of the company; Mr. Secretary Craggs supports directors, 63;</li> <li>increased panic; negociation with Bank of England, 64, 65;</li> <li>they agree to circulate the company’s bonds, 66;</li> <li>total failure of the company; social and moral evils of the scheme, 67;</li> <li>arrogance of the directors; petitions for vengeance on them; King’s speech to Parliament, 69;</li> <li>debates thereon, 69, 71;</li> <li>punishment resolved on, 70;</li> <li>Walpole’s plan to restore credit; officers of the company forbidden to leave England, 71;</li> <li>ministers proved to have been bribed by shares, 73, 77;</li> <li>directors apprehended; treasurer absconds, 73;</li> <li>measures to arrest him, 73, 74;</li> <li>directors expelled from Parliament, 74;</li> <li>chairman’s examination, 75;</li> <li>treasurer imprisoned at Antwerp, but escapes, 76;</li> <li>reports on the details of the fraud, 76;</li> <li>Mr. Stanhope, Secretary to Treasury, charged but acquitted; dissatisfaction thereon, 78;</li> <li>Mr. Aislabie, Chancellor of the Exchequer, committed to the Tower, and consequent rejoicings (engraving), 79;</li> <li>Sir George Caswall punished; the Earl of Sunderland acquitted; death of Mr. Secretary Craggs, and his father, participators in the fraud, 80;</li> <li>heavy fines on the directors; account of these proceedings by Gibbon the historian, 81;</li> <li>measures adopted to restore credit, 83;</li> <li>caricatures by Hogarth and others (seven engravings), 60, 61, 68, 70, 76, 82, 84.</li> </ul> </li> <li>South-Sea House, view of, i. 45.</li> <li>Spara, Hieronyma, the slow poisoner of Rome, her trial and execution, ii. 205.</li> <li>Speculations. (See Money Mania, the Mississippi Scheme, South-Sea Bubble, and Bubble Schemes.)</li> <li>Spenser, his description of Merlin and his cave, i. 232, 237.</li> <li>Spirits. (See Demons, Witchcraft, Cornelius Agrippa, Paracelsus, &c.)</li> <li>Sprenger, a German witch-finder; his persecutions, ii. 118-159.</li> <li>St. Bernard preaches the second Crusade, ii. 53, 55; <ul> <li>his miracles, 56;</li> <li>failure of his prophecies, 62.</li> </ul> </li> <li>St. Dunstan and the devil, ii. 103.</li> <li>St. Evremond, his account of the impositions of Valentine Greatraks, i. 270.</li> <li>St. Germain (Count de), the alchymist, memoir of, i. 200; <ul> <li>his profusion of jewels, 203;</li> <li>his pretensions to long life, 205.</li> </ul> </li> <li>St. John’s Eve, St. Mark’s Eve, St. Swithin’s Eve, superstitious customs, i. 258.</li> <li>Stanhope, Earl, supports the proposition to punish the directors of the South-Sea Company, i. 72, 73; <ul> <li>is stigmatised in Parliament, and dies suddenly, 75.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Stanhope, Charles, secretary to Treasury; <ul> <li>his participation in the South-Sea fraud, i. 77, 78;</li> <li>his acquittal by parliament, and consequent disturbances, 78.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Stedinger, the, a section of the Frieslanders; their independence; accused of witchcraft by the Pope, and exterminated by the German nobles, ii. 110, 111.</li> <li>Stephen, king of Poland, his credulity and superstition, i. 159.</li> <li>Stock jobbing. (See South-Sea Bubble.) <ul> <li>“Stock Jobbing Cards,” or caricatures of the South-Sea Bubble (two engravings), i. 60, 61.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Stonehenge ascribed to Merlin, i. 237.</li> <li>Suger dissuades Louis VII. from the Crusade, ii. 55-62.</li> <li>Sully, his wise opposition to duelling, ii. 279 </li> <li>Sunderland, Earl of, portrait of, i. 80; <ul> <li>his participation in the South-Sea Bubble, i. 50, 77, 78;</li> <li>discontent at his acquittal, 80.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Superstitions on the 1st of January, Valentine Day, Lady Day, St. Swithin’s Eve, St. Mark’s Eve, Candlemas Eve, Midsummer, St. John’s Eve, 29th February, 258.</li> <li>Surrey and the fair Geraldine; the vision shewn by Cornelius Agrippa, i. 142.</li> <li>Sweden, executions for witchcraft, ii. 177.</li> <li>Sylphs. (See the Rosicrucians.)</li> <li>Syria. (See the Crusades.)</li> </ul> <ul id="indexT" class="index_list"> <li>Tancred, his achievements in the first Crusade, ii. 26, 35, 38, 39, 45.</li> <li>Tax on beards imposed by Peter the Great, i. 301.</li> <li>Tedworth, Wiltshire, the “haunted house” there; narrative of the deception, ii. 224.</li> <li>Tempests caused by witches, ii. 102, 106, 133, 134.</li> <li>Templars, Knights, subdued by Saladin, ii. 63; <ul> <li>support Frederick II. in the seventh Crusade, 86;</li> <li>their subsequent reverses, 87, 90, 99;</li> <li>accused of witchcraft, 112;</li> <li>persecuted by Philip IV.; the grand master burnt, 113.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Têtenoire, a famous French thief, ii. 255.</li> <li>Theatrical productions, on the lives of robbers; their pernicious influence, ii. 253-257.</li> <li id="thieves">Thieves, Popular admiration of Great, ii. 249-260; <ul> <li>Robin Hood, ii. 250;</li> <li>Dick Turpin, 251;</li> <li>Jack Sheppard, 252;</li> <li>Jonathan Wild, 254;</li> <li>Claude Duval, 255;</li> <li>Aimerigot Têtenoire, 255;</li> <li>Cartouche; Vidocq, 256;</li> <li>Italian banditti, 256, 257;</li> <li>Schinderhannes and Nadel, 257;</li> <li>evil influence of the “Beggars’ Opera” and other plays on the subject of thieves 253, 257, 258;</li> <li>Lord Byron’s “Corsair” and Schiller’s “Robber,” 259.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Thomas Aquinas. (See Aquinas.)</li> <li>Tiberias, battle of, ii. 63.</li> <li>Tibertus, Antiochus, his wonderful prophecies, i. 248.</li> <li>Toads dancing at the witches’ “Sabbaths,” ii. 108.</li> <li>Tophania, La, a famous poisoner in Italy, her crimes and execution; the nature of her potions, ii. 206.</li> <li>Torture, its cruelty exposed by the Duke of Brunswick, ii. 170. <ul> <li>(See Witchcraft.)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Toulouse, witches burnt at, ii. 160.</li> <li>Tournaments and judicial combats. (See Duels.)</li> <li id="tours">Tours, haunted house at, ii. 221.</li> <li>Tower Hill, bonfires on the committal of participators in the South-Sea Bubble (engraving), i. 79.</li> <li id="tower">Tower of London, Raymond Lulli the alchymist said to have practised there, i. 109; <ul> <li>poisoning of Sir Thomas Overbury, ii. 195.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Transmutation of metals. (See Alchymists.)</li> <li>Trees, their significance in dreams, i. 254; <ul> <li>susceptible of magnetic influence, 284.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Trial by Battle. (See Duels and Ordeals.)</li> <li>Trithemius, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 124.</li> <li>Trois-Echelles executed for witchcraft, ii. 120.</li> <li>Troussel, William, his duel with the Constable Du Guesclin (engraving), ii. 261, 271.</li> <li>“Truce of God,” the, proclaimed by the first Crusaders, ii. 14.</li> <li>“True Cross,” fragments of the, ii. 3, 71. <ul> <li>(See Relics.)</li> </ul> </li> <li id="tulipmania">Tulip Mania; <ul> <li>the flower first introduced into Europe by Gesner, portrait of Gesner, i. 85;</li> <li>great demand for plants in Holland and Germany, introduced in England from Vienna, the flower described and eulogised by Beckmann and Cowley, 86;</li> <li>rage for bulbs in Holland and their enormous prices, 87;</li> <li>amusing errors of the uninitiated, 88;</li> <li>marts for the sale of bulbs, jobbing and gambling, ruinous extent of the mania and immense profits of speculators, 89;</li> <li>“tulip-notaries” appointed, sudden loss of confidence and fall of prices, meetings, deputation to the government, 90;</li> <li>unfulfilled bargains repudiated by the law courts, 91;</li> <li>the mania in England and France, 91;</li> <li>subsisting value of choice bulbs, 92.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Tunis invaded by the Crusaders, ii. 96.</li> <li>Tunbridge Wells, a witch doctor there in 1830, ii. 189.</li> <li>Turner, Mrs. her participation in the poisoning of Sir Thomas Overbury, ii. 194, 198, 199.</li> <li>Turpin, Dick, popular admiration of, ii. 251.</li> </ul> <ul id="indexU" class="index_list"> <li>Undines. (See the Rosicrucians.)</li> <li>Urban II. preaches the Crusade (frontispiece), ii. 7.</li> </ul> <ul id="indexV" class="index_list"> <li>Valentine, Basil, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 119.</li> <li>Valentine’s Day superstitions, i. 258.</li> <li>Vauvert, the ruined palace at, haunted, ii. 220.</li> <li>Vezelais, cathedral of (engraving), ii. 54.</li> <li>Villars, Marshal, his opposition to the Mississippi scheme, i. 16.</li> <li>Vulgar phrases. (See Popular Follies.)</li> <li>Visions, pretended. (See Barthelemy, Agrippa, and Dr. Dee.)</li> </ul> <ul id="indexW" class="index_list"> <li>Waldenses, the, persecuted and burnt at Arras, ii. 115.</li> <li>Walpole, Sir Robert, his warning of the evils of the South-Sea bubble, portrait of him, i. 49-55; <ul> <li>his measures to restore credit, 70, 71.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Walter the Penniless, a leader of the first Crusade, ii. 15, 18.</li> <li>Warbois, the witches of, absurd charges against them, their execution, ii. 125.</li> <li>“Water of Life,” searchers for. (See Alchymists.)</li> <li>Water ordeal. (See Duels and Ordeals.)</li> <li>“Weapon-salve,” controversy respecting, i. 265.</li> <li>“Wehr-wolves” executed, ii. 120, 168.</li> <li id="westminster">Westminster Abbey, Raymond Lulli, the alchymist, said to have practised there, i. 109; <ul> <li>tomb of Queen Eleanor (engraving), ii. 99.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Weston, Richard, an accomplice in the poisoning of Sir Thomas Overbury, ii. 194, 198, 199.</li> <li>Wharton, Duke of, his speeches on the South-Sea Bubble, i. 50, 75.</li> <li>Whiston, his prophecy of the end of the world, i. 223.</li> <li>William of Tyre preaches the Crusade, ii. 63, 65.</li> <li>Wilson, ——, killed in a duel by John Law, i. 3.</li> <li>Wirdig, Sebastian, the magnetiser, i. 273.</li> <li id="witchcraft">Witchcraft:—Account of the witch mania, ii. 101-191; <ul> <li>popular belief in witches, ii. 102;</li> <li>their supposed compacts with the devil; popular notions of the devil and demons, 103;</li> <li>witches could secure their services, 107;</li> <li>their meetings or “Sabbaths,” 107, 133, 166, 169, 171;</li> <li>frequent persecution on the pretext of witchcraft, 110;</li> <li>the Stedinger, a section of the Frieslanders, exterminated on that charge, 110;</li> <li>the Templars accused of witchcraft; the Grand Master and others burnt; execution of Joan of Arc (engraving), 113;</li> <li>combined with heresy as a charge against religious reformers, 114;</li> <li>the Waldenses persecuted at Arras; their confessions under torture; belief common to Catholics and Reformers; Florimond on the prevalence of witchcraft, 115;</li> <li>witches executed at Constance; Bull of Pope Innocent VIII.; general crusade against witches, 117;</li> <li>Sprenger’s activity in Germany; Papal commissions, 118;</li> <li>executions in France; sanctioned by Charles IX., 119, 122;</li> <li>Trois Echelles, his confessions and execution, 120;</li> <li>“men-wolves,” executed, 121;</li> <li>English statutes against witchcraft, 123;</li> <li>Bishop Jewell’s exclamations, 124;</li> <li>the witches of Warbois; absurd charges and execution of the victims, 125;</li> <li>annual sermon at Cambridge, ii. 127;</li> <li>popular belief and statutes in Scotland, 127, 154;</li> <li>charges against the higher classes; against John Knox, 128;</li> <li>numerous executions; trial of Gellie Duncan and others, 129;</li> <li>James I., his interest in the subject; Dr. Fian tortured (engraving), 131;</li> <li>confessions of the accused, 132;</li> <li>their execution; further persecution, 135;</li> <li>case of Isabel Gowdie, 136;</li> <li>opinions of Sir George Mackenzie (portrait), 136, 155;</li> <li>death preferred to the imputation of witchcraft, 137, 139;</li> <li>King James’s “Demonology,” 139;</li> <li>the “Lancashire witches” executed, 141;</li> <li>Matthew Hopkins, the “witch-finder general” (engraving), 143;</li> <li>his impositions, cruelty, and retributive fate, 148;</li> <li>“common prickers” in Scotland, 146;</li> <li>Mr. Louis, a clergyman, executed, 147;</li> <li>Glanville’s Sadducismus Triumphatus, 148;</li> <li>witches tried before Sir Matthew Hale (portrait); Sir Thomas Brown’s evidence (portrait); conviction and execution, 148-152;</li> <li>trials before Chief Justices Holt and Powell, 152, 153;</li> <li>the last execution in England, in 1716, 153;</li> <li>Scotch laws on the subject, 154;</li> <li>various trials in Scotland 155-158;</li> <li>last execution in Scotland, in 1722, 158;</li> <li>proceedings of Sprenger in Germany, Bodinus and Delrio in France, 159;</li> <li>executions at Constance, Toulouse, Amsterdam, and Bamberg, 160-162;</li> <li>numerous executions at Wurtzburg, including many children, 163;</li> <li>others at Lendheim, 164;</li> <li>the “Witches’ Gazette,” a German ballad, 165;</li> <li>the Maréchale D’Anere executed, 166;</li> <li>200 executions at Labourt, 166;</li> <li>“weir-wolves,” belief in, 168;</li> <li>Urbain Grandier, curate of Loudun, executed, 169;</li> <li>singular cases at Lisle, 169;</li> <li>the Duke of Brunswick’s exposure of the cruelty of torture, 170;</li> <li>diminution of charges in Germany, 171;</li> <li>singular remonstrance from the French Parliament to Louis XIV. on his leniency to witches, 171;</li> <li>executions at Mohra, in Sweden, 177;</li> <li>atrocities in New England; a child and a dog executed, 180;</li> <li>the last execution in Switzerland in 1652, 182;</li> <li>the latest on record, in 1749, at Wurtzburg, 184;</li> <li>witches ducked in 1760, 185;</li> <li>Lady Hatton’s reputation for witchcraft; her house in Cross Street, Hatton Garden, (engraving), 186;</li> <li>the horse-shoe a protection against witches, 187;</li> <li>belief in witchcraft recently and still existing, 187;</li> <li>witch-doctors still practising, 189;</li> <li>prevalence of the superstition in France, 189;</li> <li>“floating a witch” (engraving), 191.</li> </ul> </li> <li id="women">Women accompanying the Crusades in arms, ii. 12, 57, 67.</li> <li>Woodstock Palace a “haunted house;” account of the noises, and their cause, ii. 222; <ul> <li>view of, 217.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Wulstan, Bishop, his antipathy to long hair, i. 297.</li> <li>Wurtzburg, numerous executions for witchcraft, ii. 162, 184; <ul> <li>view in, 183.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul id="indexY" class="index_list"> <li>York, Duke of, his duel with Col. Lennox, ii. 293.</li> </ul> <ul id="indexZ" class="index_list"> <li>Zara besieged by the Crusaders, ii. 76.</li> <li>Zachaire, Denis, the Alchymist, his interesting memoir of himself, i. 146.</li> </ul></div> <div id="endmatter" class="section"> THE END LONDON: PRINTED BY LEVEY, ROBSON, AND FRANKLYN, Great New Street, Fetter Lane. </div> <div style="break-after:column;"></div>

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